Software reliability experiments data analysis and investigation

The objectives are to investigate the fundamental reasons which cause independently developed software programs to fail dependently, and to examine fault tolerant software structures which maximize reliability gain in the presence of such dependent failure behavior. The authors used 20 redundant programs from a software reliability experiment to analyze the software errors causing coincident failures, to compare the reliability of N-version and recovery block structures composed of these programs, and to examine the impact of diversity on software reliability using subpopulations of these programs. The results indicate that both conceptually related and unrelated errors can cause coincident failures and that recovery block structures offer more reliability gain than N-version structures if acceptance checks that fail independently from the software components are available. The authors present a theory of general program checkers that have potential application for acceptance tests

Liminal River: Art, Agency and Cultural Transformation Along the Protohistoric Arkansas River

For nearly a century, ceramic vessels looted from Protohistoric Native American Graves in the Central Arkansas River Valley have raised questions about the ethnic identity of the inhabitants of the region and their relationship to their neighbors in time and space. This analysis combines careful documentation of 1198 of these vessels with excavated sherds and other data from the Carden Bottoms site (3YE0025) and adjacent rock art sites in the Arkansas River Valley to provide a context for these vessels and, in so doing, defines the Dardenne Style of artistic production. Comparing motifs, and the manner in which they are applied to the whole vessels in the assemblage, to other earlier and contemporary assemblages suggests a shift in the way potters chose to place the same motif on vessels across two hundred years. Motifs that were limited to placement on the sides of vessels, around the body, or in non-ceramic media, were depicted in superior and inferior views on pottery vessels from this region in the Protohistoric period. This change in pottery decoration, especially the differential use of the same motif through time and on different artistic media, demonstrates the agency of objects and images within the process of cultural change during the turbulent Protohistoric period. The stylistic picture of the ceramics from this region are examined using structuration theory and Alfred Gell\u27s anthropological theory of art to reveal how changes in sociocultural structure, precipitated in this case by the unforeseen events of the Protohistoric period, are reflected in and perpetuated through material culture. Based on the findings of this analysis, it appears that the inhabitants of Carden Bottoms and contemporary sites in the Arkansas Valley responded to the dramatic events of the Protohistoric period through adaptations and responses that drew from known principles of their recent past which were manifested through the images and objects they created and used in the everyday practice of their changing world

II.—THE NATURE OF INCOMPATIBILITY

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Exploring engagement levels of females aged 13-18 in physical activity

The plethora of research surrounding female participation in physical activity, has increased significantly over the years (Flintoff and Scratton, 2001; Penney, 2002; Hargreaves, 2004; O’Sullivan & MacPhail, 2010). Globally, low physical activity levels are acknowledged as the fourth most common cause of mortality (Hallallet al., 2012). This study observes female participants aged 13-18 who attend schools and colleges in Greater Manchester. Furthermore it gains an insight into physical activity preferences and the challenges encountered in respect to self-reporting questionnaires (SRQ). Participant’s interpretation and understanding of questions on the SRQ, could influence a varied or none response therefore alternative qualitative methods are experimented within this study

Study abroad : an intervention for athletic identity foreclosure in Black student-athletes

textResearchers interested in the plight of the Black student-athletes have consistently identified the need for individuals to develop other salient aspects of their identities (Brewer et al, 1993; Harrison et al, 2011; Bimper and Harrison, 2011), however, there have been few feasible solutions such as the one this paper is offering. This paper explores the specific manner in which the 1. Identity of "athlete" forecloses on Black student-athletes multidimensional identities and 2. Proposes study abroad as a potential intervention. Studying abroad has been widely regarded as a positive experience in the multi-faceted identity development of students, and is currently a service severely under-utilized by student-athletes, specifically Black males. 3. This research proposes that studying abroad could have a liberating effect on student-athletes who have spent a majority of their time, and energy on sports. Furthermore, recent research on studying abroad has identified benefits such as a boost in GPA, graduation rates, career maturity, and self-efficacy, all of which are negatives associated with athletic identity foreclosure.Curriculum and Instructio

From enclosure to exposure to enactment : a phenomenological study on the experiences of 20 Division 1 Black student-athletes abroad

This phenomenological study explores the experiences of 20 Division I Black student-athletes who took part in international educational experiences as part of their collegiate careers, as well as the subsequent influence of these experiences on their identities and future orientation. This study utilizes the theoretical framework of Critical Race Theory (CRT) as well as the concept of figured worlds as described by Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner and Cain (1998). Many Black student-athletes suffer from identity foreclosure as they fail to develop salient aspects of their identity outside of the athlete role. International education proffers the opportunity to take advantage of a holistic collegiate experience, which can impede the detrimental effects of the athletic identity foreclosure process that disproportionately affects Black student-athletes. Education abroad can influence student-athletes’ personal, academic, and professional development while stimulating their critical consciousness of the world beyond the gym and campus. The number of college students in international education is increasing. However, most student-athletes are not given access to these opportunities. The 2016 NCAA Goals report highlighted student-athletes desire to have access to international education opportunities. The value of these student-athletes is critical the financial well-being of these institutions, yet they are often denied the invaluable opportunity to experience education abroad. This dissertation examines the process of identity negotiation and development that Black student-athletes experience as they partake in three types of international education: 1) Study Abroad, 2) Competition Abroad, and 3) Service-learning Abroad. This study is solution-oriented. The findings reveal that international education serves as an extracurricular learning experience that enhances the process of identity development and negotiation for Black student-athletes, diminishing the detrimental impact of identity foreclosure. There international learning experiences shaped their future orientation and positively influenced their ability to navigate their lives and careers after their playing days ended.Curriculum and Instructio

Crossing Goal Lines and Borders: Engaging Black Male Student-Athletes in Education Abroad

Many Black male student-athletes suffer from identity foreclosure at rates higher than their white peers as they fail to develop salient aspects of their identity outside of the athlete role (Murphy, Petitpas, & Brewer, 1996; Beamon, 2012).  Education abroad offers the opportunity to take advantage of a holistic collegiate experience, which impedes the detrimental effects of the athletic identity foreclosure process. International educational opportunities can positively influence Black male student-athletes’ personal, academic, and professional development as they come to see the world beyond the gym and campus. This article examines the significance and value of creating education abroad opportunities for Black male student-athletes as a means of providing meaningful educational opportunities in the realm of higher education